Preoccupied with internal rivalries during the third intermediate period, egypt gradually lost its traditional control of nubia, located to its south. Second intermediate period the second intermeidate period runs from the end of the middle kingdom to the expulsion of the hyksos by ahmose i. Egyptian history was divided into eras of kingdoms and intermediate periods by egyptologists of the late 19th century ce to clarify the study of the countrys history, but these designations were not used by the ancient egyptians. The period includes seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth a fraction of the eleventh dynasties.
Egyptian literary compositions of the middle kingdom and. Lords of the nome in the fifth and sixth dynasty start acting like kings. The increasing competition for power in egypt and nubia crystallized in the formation of two new dynasties. On the assumption that dynasties 21 to 25 were consecutive, early scholars dated them approximately 1070665 b. The second intermediate period designates the 250 year period 18001550 bc which separates the two glorious periods of the middle kingdom and the new kingdom. Ancient egypt ancient egypt the middle kingdom 1938c. The story of the second intermediate period is dominated by the advent of asiatic rulers in the north, the hyksos or shepherd kings, who established a capital in avaris, a city that is now becoming very well explored.
Sources for second intermediate period history written. Meanwhile, semitic immigrants called the hyksos entered egypt and settled in the north. Second intermediate period 1759 1539 bc immigration of people who werent born as egyptians eventually led to the second intermediate period. During the period, there were two competing power bases in the upper and the lower egypt. Second intermediate periodfoundation of the egyptian. The oxford history of ancient egypt by shaw, ian, 1961publication date 2000 publisher. The political situation in egypt during the second. It is a period of relative turmoil and disunity which lasted around one hundred and fifty years and had a profound cultural and political effect on ancient egypt. The hyksos easily conquered avaris as well as memphis, causing the end of both the th and 14th dynasty and founding their own dynasty, the 15th dynasty. Second intermediate period of egypt ancient history. Model weapons from tombs middle kingdom new kingdom spear head and bows. Various points are offered as the beginning for the latter era, though it is most often regarded as dating from the foundation of the twentysixth dynasty by psamtik i in 664 bc, following the expulsion of the nubian. Summaries of middle egyptian literary compositions not translated on digital egypt for universities.
When the glory of the middle kingdom of ancient egypt started to wane, the kingdom proceeded to an era of disarray known as the second intermediate period. At least in this part of the egyptian territories, there must have been a feeling of security during the 1st intermediate period. Around 1800 bc these people proclaimed their own king and the delta thus became independent from the rest of egypt. The 2nd intermediate period ended when an egyptian monarch from thebes, ahmose, drove the hyksos from avaris into palestine. As far as chronology is concerned, the third intermediate period is the villain of the piece. Attempts to establish a chronology for the second intermediate period the 250 years prior to 18001550 bc in egypt. Early egypt was divided into two kingdoms, one in upper egypt nile valley, and one in lower egypt nile delta. The other main feature of the second intermediate period is the great question that concerns us in the 21 st century a. During the 19th century bc, an invasion by caanite tribes into the delta took place. Egyptian literary compositions of the middle kingdom and second intermediate period.
History second internediate period th to 17th dynasties second intermediate period since the passage of time shows no break in continuity, nothing but some momentous event or sequence of events can justify a particular reign being regarded as inaugurating an era. The second intermediate periodbarbarism and civilization. Second intermediate period egyptian history britannica. But in the second intermediate period there was an added factor, namely the foreign occupation of egypt. Contemporary royal building inscriptions private tomb inscriptions literary and other papyri scarabs personal names later thearly 18 dynasty accounts of wars of reunification king lists, especially turin canon archaeological. The third intermediate period of ancient egypt began with the death of pharaoh ramesses xi in 1070 bc, which ended the new kingdom, and was eventually followed by the late period. Located at tell elhebua, it seems to have been significant from the second intermediate period on, and bears witness to the intimate economic relations that the hyksos had with their neighbours in palestine. Psamtik of sais, founder of the twentysixth dynasty, was one of the regional rulers left in charge by the assyrians he would eventually force the invaders out of egypt and reunite the country and inaugurating the late period. The concept of a second intermediate period was coined in 1942 by german egyptologist hanns stock it is best known as the period when the hyksos people of west asia made their appearance in egypt and whose reign. During the 19th century bc, an invasion by canaanite tribes into the delta. The name first intermediate period is a comparatively modern one it was only invented in the 1920s. First intermediate period research papers academia. From the south, nubians penetrated downstream, while in the north a foreignbased dynasty held power over the entire delta as well as central egypt, ultimately controlling middle egypt up to cusae. These people moved to egypt from their countries and set up towns and communities which followed their own rules.
The period covered by these two dynasties is put by manetho at about 550 years about 250 years for the first dynasty and about 300 for the second but modern estimates put the total archaic period at about four centuries. Once again the prosperity of the middle kingdom failed. Asian interlopes rule as well as the hyksos in lower egypt through the 15 th dynasty and this dominated the country for decades. Sometimes, the rise of civilization can feel like a major sporting event. Weaponry from the tomb of djehutyhotep at deir elbersha. It is best known as the period when the hyksos made their appearance in egypt and whose reign comprised the fifteenth dynasty.
Thus ended nubian control and the third intermediate period. As with all historical designations of the eras of egyptian history, the name second intermediate period was coined by 19thcentury ce egyptologists to demarcate time. Bryan the amarna period and the later new kingdom c. Ryholt, the political situation in egypt during the. The weakness of later kings even though a strict rule of coregency was intended to ensure succession led to egypt being invaded by an asiatic people known as the hyksos. Sile, probably the second most important base of hyksos control, fell to ahmose before the capital itself. Each had its own king, in fact, more than one hundred kings are attested during this time. A true chronology is difficult to determine as there are few monuments dating from the. Theres a lot going on, were making great progress, and then suddenly, its half time. They did not live by the egyptian laws, nor did they recognize the rule of the pharaoh. And we should consider why, after all the achievements of the old kingdom, egypt split apart and entered what is called the first intermediate period. It is assumed that the crisis in the country could be caused by the conflicts between local rulers and the central government.
Pdf the second intermediate period stephanie boonstra. Third intermediate period of egypt ancient history. The 2nd intermediate period of ancient egypt occurred in c. This book describes the individual dynastieskingdoms of the period which are systematically defined according to their kings, geographical and chronological extent. Second intermediate periodfoundation of the egyptian armies i. This reunified egypt and established the 18th dynasty, the start of the period known as the new kingdom of ancient egypt. But it appears to have been a comparatively short period, only some 150 to 200 years. The second intermediate period refers to the second time when egypt fell into disorder. View first intermediate period research papers on academia.
The second intermediate period marks a period when ancient egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the middle kingdom and the start of the new kingdom. At around 1640 bc, egypt was invaded by a group of canaanites, whose leader used the title hqaxas. The first workers strike in history and the late bronze. First intermediate period, egypt barbarism and civilization. Mentuhotep ii campaigned in lower nubia, where he may have been preceded by the inyotefs. An introduction to a much debated period of history using archival information and photographs from the egypt exploration society, particularly those from g. The oxford history of ancient egypt internet archive. The second intermediate period of ancient egypt pharaoh. Media in category works of the egyptian second intermediate period the following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total. The first intermediate period, the middle kingdom, and the second intermediate period badawy, alexander on. Though united, egypt in archaic times remained in many ways two lands. After the middle kingdom egypt lost interest in maintaining its borders, the king withdrew troops and allowed the nubians to occupy its southern forts. As with all historical designations of the eras of egyptian history, the name second intermediate period was coined by 19thcentury ce egyptologists to demarcate time periods in egypts history.
A timeline of dynasties and rulers in chronological order second intermediate period 1550 1794 b. Political situation in egypt during the second intermediate period c. As with all historical designations of the eras of egyptian history, the name second intermediate period was coined by 19thcentury ce egyptologists to demarcate time periods in egypt s history. The capital of this region, known today as balat, was rebuilt after a fire at the end of the 6th dynasty, but contrary to the older city, the new capital was not protected by an enclosure wall. The list is organised according to category of content.
1037 733 760 1274 857 976 228 185 1318 996 579 1206 1 249 400 1591 220 189 1243 1427 732 1368 1009 357 559 1451 186 1316 278 630 175 1282 604 1364 474 216 784 320 844 1212 735 1179 422 1352 762